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Fruits
fruit- mature ovary with or without other flower parts, usually contain seeds
fruits have evolved for protection and dispersal of seeds
parthenocarpic fruit - fruit that
does not contain seeds
accessory fruit- mature ovary plus additional flower parts,
may be simple, aggregate, or multiple fruits
pericarp- fruit wall
exocarp- outer layer of pericarp
mesocarp- middle layer of pericarp
endocarp- inner layer of pericarp
Simple Fruits- develop from one carpel or several united carpels of a single flower
Aggregate Fruits- develop from many separate carpels of one flower,
individual ovaries form fruitlets, e.g. magnolias, raspberries (aggregate drupes), blackberries, strawberries
Multiple Fruits- develop from carpels of more than one flower in an
inflorescence, usually are accessory fruits as well, e.g. pineapple, breadfruit, mulberry (multiple drupes)
Simple Fruits-
Fleshy simple fruits- pericarp fleshy at maturity, e.g. berries, hesperidium, pepo, drupes, pomes
berries- thin exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, endocarp with one to many seeds, e.g.
blueberries, cranberries, tomatoes, grapes, capsicum peppers, bananas, papaya, kiwi, passion fruit
hesperidium- type of berry with a leathery skin, cells of endocarp become saclike
and swollen with juice, e.g citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, oranges
pepo- tough outer rind consisting of both receptacle tissue and exocarp
(accessory fruit), mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy, e.g. pumpkins, melons, cucumbers
drupes- one to several carpels that usually contain only a single seed,
thin exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, endocarp is stony, e.g. peaches, cherries, olives,
plums, coconuts, mango, almonds, walnuts, pecans, dates, macadamia nuts, pistachio nuts
pomes- derived from a compound inferior ovary in which fleshy portion is
from enlarged base of perianth and receptacle (accessory fruit), endocarp resembles a
tough membrane, e.g. apples, pears, quince, loquats, mountain ash
Dry simple fruits- pericarp dry at maturity, dehiscent or indehiscent
dehiscent dry simple fruits- the pericarp breaks open when mature,
e.g. follicle, legume, capsule, silique, silicle
follicle- derived from a single carpel that splits down one side, e.g.
columbines, milkweed, larkspur
legume- derived from a single carpel that splits along two sides, e.g.
all beans, peas, peanuts, tamarind, pea family (Fabaceae)
capsule- cup-like dry dehiscent fruit formed from a compound ovary,
opens in one of four ways, e.g. yucca, lilies, poppies, plantain, agave, irises, Mahogany trees
septicidal capsule- opening along the line of carpel union, e.g. yucca
loculicidal capsule- opening along the middle of each carpel, e.g. lilies
poricidal capsule- opening by pores at the top of each carpel, e.g. poppies
circumscissle capsule (pyxis)- opening along a circular, horizontal line, e.g. plantain
silique- long slender fruit formed from two fused carpels, seeds arising from
a central partition, e.g. in mustard family (Brassicaceae)
silicle- a short broad silique-like fruit formed from 2 carpels, e.g. in mustard family
indehiscent dry simple fruits- seeds remain in fruit after fruit has been shed,
e.g. achenes, samaras, caryopsis, cypsela, nuts, schizocarp
achene- small single seeded fruit in which the seed is attached to the
fruit at one point only, e.g. buttercups, sunflowers
samara- winged achene, one or two seeded, e.g. elms, ashes, maples
caryopsis- achene like fruit in which seed coat is united to fruit wall,
e.g. rice, corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, fruits of most other grasses
cypsela- achene like fruit derived from an inferior ovary, calyx adherent,
e.g. dandelion (Asteraceae)
nut- resembles achenes but have a stony fruit wall and derived from
a compound ovary, e.g. chestnuts, hazelnuts, acorns, beechnuts
schizocarp- splits at maturity into two or more one seeded portions, e.g.
mallows, wild carrots, dill
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